World human population:
Babies need loving homes.
Please adopt. World Chimpanzee population:
Year 2004: ~ 150,000
Present: Probably less! World Gorilla population: ~ 700! | Recent posts- Paranormal update ~ http://glo…
2010, September 2 - Spark of Divinity ~ http://hig…
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2010, September 2 - Paranormal update
2010, September 2 - Obtained Bonded NdFeB’s
2010, September 1 - Hue MCU efficiency meter update 5
2010, September 1 - Paranormal
2010, September 1 - I liked a YouTube video — Tib…
2010, August 31 - I liked a YouTube video — Tib…
2010, August 31 - I liked a YouTube video — Tib…
2010, August 31 - I liked a YouTube video — Tib…
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2010, August 31 - Free Tibet
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2010, August 31 - I liked a YouTube video — Tib…
2010, August 31
| The relatives finally left. I’m a bit sluggest lately, and will not spend much time on the new diode setup over the next few days, and will work on my other project that has nothing to do with research. Here’s a updated list of my shopping cart. If anyone has a diode recommendation they would like tested then please contact me. It should be a *new* diode. 1 08N6678 CREE XREROY-L1-0000-00801 Led Lamp; LED Color:Royal Blue; Viewing Angle:100°; Forward Current:1000mA; Forward Voltage:3.7V; Luminous Flux Typ:300lm; Length/Height, External:4.4mm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 3 $7.75 $7.75 Line Note:
2
27K2383
OPTEK
OPV380 Laser Diode; Wavelength:850nm; Output Power:1.5mW; Laser Safety Class:Class 1M; Beam Angle:20°; Operating Temperature Range:-40°C to +85°C; Current Rating:20mA; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 25
$6.53
$6.53 Line Note:
3
02P7197
CREE
XREGRN-L1-R250-00P01 LED Lamp; LED Color:Green; Viewing Angle:100°; Forward Current:700mA; Forward Voltage:3.5V; Luminous Flux Typ:67.2lm; Wavelength:535nm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 353
$5.30
$5.30 Line Note:
4
89M5416
V-LED
9900-1201-13 LED Chip; LED Color:Red; Viewing Angle:130°; Forward Current:750mA; Forward Voltage:230V; Luminous Flux Typ:95lm; Operating Temperature Range:-40°C to +85°C; Wavelength:625nm 36
$4.36
$4.36 Line Note:
5
74M5710
MULTICOMP
1N4148WS ; Forward Current Avg Rectified, IF(AV):150mA; Repetitive Reverse Voltage Max, Vrrm:100V; Forward Voltage Max, VF:1V; Forward Surge Current Max, Ifsm:350mA; Termination Type:SMD; Package/Case:2-SOD-323; No. of Pins:2 ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 2759
$0.040
$2.00 Line Note: Substitute Products Available
6
26K7479
LITTELFUSE
SMCJ440CA Diode; Reverse Stand-Off Voltage, VRWM:440V; Breakdown Voltage Max:543V; Breakdown Voltage Min:492V; Clamping Voltage Max, Vc:713V; Diode Configuration:Bidirectional; Peak Pulse Power Dissipation, Pppm:1500W; Termination Type:SMD ;RoHS Compliant: Yes YesX 2755
$0.519
$0.52 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant
7
45J2440
ON SEMICONDUCTOR
1SMB33AT3G Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) Diode; Reverse Stand-Off Voltage, VRWM:33V; Breakdown Voltage Max:38.65V; Clamping Voltage Max, Vc:53.3V; Package/Case:SMB; Breakdown Voltage, Vbr:38.65V; Capacitance, Cd:510pF ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 2409
$0.119 Promotional price
$0.12 Line Note:
8
99K2203
AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES
HSMP-389Y-BLKG RF Switching Pin Diode in SOD-523 Package.; Package/Case:SOD-523; Breakdown Voltage Max:100V; Capacitance, Ct:0.2pF; Forward Current:1A; Series Resistance @ If:2.5ohm; Polarization:Common Anode ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 90
$0.127
$0.13 Line Note:
9
74K5308
AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES
HSMP-386Z-BLKG General Purpose Pin Diode in Surface Mount SOD-323 Package; Package/Case:SOD-323; Breakdown Voltage Max:50V; Capacitance, Ct:0.2pF; Forward Current:1A; Series Resistance @ If:1.5ohm; Polarization:Common Cathode ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 229
$0.279
$0.28 Line Note:
10
63J9347
AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES
HSMP-386B-BLKG RF Pin Diode; Center Frequency (Fc):318GHz; Package/Case:SOT-323; Breakdown Voltage Max:200V; Capacitance:0.2pF; Capacitance, Ct:0.25pF; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Peak Reflow Compatible (260 C):Yes; Reverse Recovery Time:80ns ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 25
$0.456
$0.46 Line Note:
11
25M7657
MULTICOMP
BA159 Diode; Forward Current Avg Rectified, IF(AV):1A; Repetitive Reverse Voltage Max, Vrrm:1000V; Forward Voltage Max, VF:1.3V; Package/Case:DO-41; Current, Ifs max:150A; Forward Current Average:1A; Forward Voltage at If:1.3V ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 257
$0.037
$0.04 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant • Accessories Available
12
87K6743
ON SEMICONDUCTOR
BAL99LT1G Diode; Diode Type:Small Signal; Forward Voltage Max, VF:1250V; Reverse Recovery Time, trr:6ns; Package/Case:3-SOT-23; No. of Pins:3; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 12233
$0.039
$0.04 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant • Accessories Available RoHS Compliant
13
37K9330
NXP
BAS521 DIODE, SWITCHING, SOD-523; Diode Type:Small Signal; Voltage, Vrrm:300V; Current, If AV:250A; Current, Ifsm:4.5A; Time, trr Typ:16ns; Voltage, Vf Max:1V; Temperature, Tj Max:150°C; Termination Type:SMD; Temperature, Operating ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 1040
$0.103
$0.10 Line Note:
14
32C9539
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
BZG03C270-TR Zener Diode; Zener Voltage Typ, Vz:270V; Power Dissipation, Pd:3W; Package/Case:DO-214; Breakdown Voltage Max:251VDC; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Peak Reflow Compatible (260 C):Yes; Vz Test Current, Izt:2mA ;RoHS Compliant: Yes YesX 9051
$0.188
$0.19 Line Note:
15
27H4633
VISHAY GENERAL SEMICONDUCTOR
RGP02-20E/23 Fast Recovery Power Rectifier; Repetitive Reverse Voltage Max, Vrrm:2000V; Forward Current Avg Rectified, IF(AV):0.5A; Forward Surge Current Max, Ifsm:20A; Reverse Recovery Time, trr:300ns; Forward Voltage Max, VF:1.8V ;RoHS Compliant: No No 1134
$0.156
$0.16 Line Note:
16
26K4532
ON SEMICONDUCTOR
MMBD452LT1G Diode; Diode Type:Schottky; Repetitive Reverse Voltage Max, Vrrm:45V; Forward Current Avg Rectified, IF(AV):60A; Forward Surge Current Max, Ifsm:500A; Forward Voltage Max, VF:0.7V; Junction Temperature, Tj max:175°C ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 5990
$0.146
$0.15 Line Note:
17
32C9134
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
BPV10 Photo Diode; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Package/Case:T-1 3/4; Capacitance:11pF; Forward Current:50mA; Forward Voltage:1.3V ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 2653
$0.588
$0.59 Line Note:
18
83C0506
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
QSE973 Photo Diode; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Package/Case:TO-92; Capacitance:20pF; Mounting Type:Through Hole ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 657
$0.307 Promotional price
$0.31 Line Note:
19
32C9143
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
BPV23FL Photo Diode; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Capacitance:48pF; Forward Current:50mA; Forward Voltage:1.3V ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 3925
$0.454 Promotional price
$0.45 Line Note:
20
32C9152
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
BPW46 Photo Diode; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Capacitance:70pF ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 3281
$0.450 Promotional price
$0.45 Line Note:
21
74K2313
EG & G VACTEC
VTP3310LAH ; Peak Wavelength:925nm; Sensitivity:0.55A/W; Dark Current:35nA; Breakdown Voltage Max:140V; Operating Temperature Range:-40°C to +100°C; Peak Reflow Compatible (260 C):Yes ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 62
$0.831
$1.66 Line Note:
22
40K0095
AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES
HLMP-7019 LED Lamp; LED Color:Yellow; Luminous Intensity:0.4µcd; Viewing Angle:90°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Color:Yellow; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Style:Diffused; Lens Width:1.65″; Mounting Type:Surface Mount ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 477
$0.570
$0.57 Line Note:
23
06F6859
AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES
HLMP-7000 LED Lamp; LED Color:High Efficiency Red; Luminous Intensity:0.4µcd; Viewing Angle:90°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:1.5V; Color:High Efficiency Red; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Style:Diffused; Lens Width:1.65 ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 376
$0.570
$0.57 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant
24
06F6862
AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES
HLMP-7040 LED Lamp; LED Color:High Efficiency Green; Luminous Intensity:0.4µcd; Viewing Angle:90°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:2.1V; Color:High-Performance Green; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Style:Diffused; Lens Width:1.65 ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 103
$0.570
$0.57 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant
25
33C1328
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
TLHR5200 LED Lamp; Bulb Size:T-1 3/4; LED Color:Red; Luminous Intensity:10µcd; Viewing Angle:14°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Color:Red; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Style:(H x D) 8.7 x 5.8 mm; Lens Width:5mm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 1374
$0.093
$0.09 Line Note:
26
33C1442
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
TLUR6401 LED Lamp; Bulb Size:T-1 3/4; LED Color:Red; Luminous Intensity:15µcd; Viewing Angle:30°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Color:Red; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Style:T-1 3/4; Mounting Type:Through Hole ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 3426
$0.096
$0.10 Line Note:
27
05M0493
OSRAM
LGQ971 ; Luminous Intensity:10mcd; Viewing Angle:160°; Forward Current:25mA; Forward Voltage:2.2V; Color:Green; Operating Temperature Range:-30°C to +85°C; Forward Current Max, If:25mA; Operating Temp. Max:85°C ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 322
$0.103
$0.10 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant • Accessories Available RoHS Compliant
28
41P0243
VCC (VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY)
VAOL-5GDE4 LED; Bulb Size:5mm; LED Color:Green; Luminous Intensity:380mcd; Viewing Angle:30°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Lens Style:Dome; Wavelength:570nm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 959
$0.107
$0.11 Line Note:
29
57P7132
VCC (VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY)
VAOL-5GAE4 LED; Bulb Size:5mm; LED Color:Red; Luminous Intensity:250mcd; Viewing Angle:30°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:1.8V; Lens Style:Dome; Wavelength:643nm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 1000
$0.107
$0.11 Line Note:
30
33C1403
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
TLMY3102-GS08 LED Lamp; LED Color:Yellow; Luminous Intensity:20µcd; Viewing Angle:60°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:2.4V; Color:Yellow; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Mounting Type:Surface Mount ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 7893
$0.094 Promotional price
$0.09 While Supplies LastProduct will no longer be available from Newark when current inventory is depleted. – Non-Cancelable/Non-Returnable
Line Note:
31
57P7150
VCC (VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY)
VAOL-5701DE4 LED; Bulb Size:5mm; LED Color:Green; Luminous Intensity:100mcd; Viewing Angle:100°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Lens Style:Cylindrical Flat Top; Wavelength:570nm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 990
$0.114
$0.11 Line Note:
32
33C1286
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
TLHG5201 LED Lamp; Bulb Size:T-1 3/4; LED Color:Green; Luminous Intensity:40µcd; Viewing Angle:14°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2.4V; Color:Green; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Mounting Type:Through Hole ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 5757
$0.065 Promotional price
$0.06 Line Note:
33
33C1336
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
TLHR6205 LED Lamp; Bulb Size:T-1 3/4; LED Color:High Efficiency Red; Luminous Intensity:40µcd; Viewing Angle:14°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Color:High Efficiency Red; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 3620
$0.062 Promotional price
$0.06 Not Normally StockedProducts not normally stocked, that show available inventory, are in stock up to the quantity displayed. Additional quantities will ship with lead time displayed. – Non-Cancelable/Non-Returnable
Line Note:
34
09J9280
LUMEX
SSL-LX3044GD LED Lamp; Bulb Size:T-1; LED Color:Green; Luminous Intensity:40µcd; Viewing Angle:60°; Forward Current:25mA; Forward Voltage:2.2V; Color:Green; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Color:Green; Lens Style:T-1 ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 5053
$0.125
$0.12 Line Note: Accessories Available RoHS Compliant
35
87K7097
SPC TECHNOLOGY
MV5453 LED Lamp; Bulb Size:T-1 3/4; LED Color:Green; Luminous Intensity:20µcd; Viewing Angle:65°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Color:Pure Green; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Color:Clear Diffused; Lens Style:Round ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 2011
$0.126
$0.13 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant
36
87K7055
SPC TECHNOLOGY
MC20421 LED Lamp; Bulb Size:T-1 3/4; LED Color:Yellow; Luminous Intensity:30µcd; Viewing Angle:60°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Color:Yellow; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Color:Yellow Diffused; Lens Style:Round ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 1009
$0.126
$0.13 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant
37
09J9510
LUMEX
SSL-LX3044AD LED Lamp; Bulb Size:3mm; LED Color:Amber; Luminous Intensity:15µcd; Viewing Angle:60°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:2.1V; Color:Amber; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Color:Amber; Lens Style:T-1 ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 11
$0.143
$0.14 Line Note: Accessories Available RoHS Compliant
38
33C1434
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
TLUO2401 LED Lamp; Bulb Size:1.8mm; LED Color:Red Orange; Luminous Intensity:5µcd; Viewing Angle:20°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Color:Orange Red; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Style:1.8 mm; Mounting Type:Through Hole ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 535
$0.104 Promotional price
$0.10 Not Normally StockedProducts not normally stocked, that show available inventory, are in stock up to the quantity displayed. Additional quantities will ship with lead time displayed. – Non-Cancelable/Non-Returnable
Line Note:
39
57P7126
VCC (VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY)
VAOL-3LSBY4 LED; Bulb Size:3mm; LED Color:Blue; Luminous Intensity:1200mcd; Viewing Angle:60°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:3.5V; Lens Style:Dome; Wavelength:470nm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 926
$0.248
$0.25 Line Note:
40
57P7133
VCC (VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY)
VAOL-5GSBY4 LED; Bulb Size:5mm; LED Color:Blue; Luminous Intensity:7000mcd; Viewing Angle:30°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:3.5V; Lens Style:Dome; Wavelength:470nm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 767
$0.248
$0.25 Line Note:
41
75K1448
LUMEX
SML-LX1206SOC-TR LED Lamp; LED Color:Super Intensity Orange; Luminous Intensity:75µcd; Viewing Angle:140°; Forward Current:20mA; Forward Voltage:2.6V; Color:Super Intensity Orange; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Lens Color:Clear ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 2710
$0.251
$0.25 Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant
42
57P7115
VCC (VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY)
VAOL-3GWY4 LED; Bulb Size:3mm; LED Color:White; Luminous Intensity:3500mcd; Viewing Angle:30°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:3.5V; Lens Style:Dome ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 1000
$0.302
$0.30 Line Note:
43
50P9329
VCC (VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY)
VAOL-5GWY4 LED; Bulb Size:5mm; LED Color:White; Luminous Intensity:7000mcd; Viewing Angle:30°; Forward Current:30mA; Forward Voltage:3.5V; Lens Style:Dome ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 900
$0.302
$0.30 Line Note:
44
09J9436
LUMEX
SML-LX0603SOW-TR. LED Lamp; LED Color:Super Intensity Orange; Luminous Intensity:60µcd; Viewing Angle:140°; Forward Current:140mA; Forward Voltage:2V; Color:Super Intensity Orange; Leaded Process Compatible:No; Lens Color:White ;RoHS Compliant: No No 598
$0.180 Promotional price
$0.18 While Supplies LastProduct will no longer be available from Newark when current inventory is depleted. – Non-Cancelable/Non-Returnable
Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant
45
01N4705
LUMEX
SSL-LX5093VC LED Lamp; Bulb Size:T-5; LED Color:Purple; Viewing Angle:20 ; Forward Current:100mA; Forward Voltage:4V; Operating Temperature Range:-40 C to +85 C; Power Dissipation, Pd:120mW ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 993
$1.01
$1.01 Line Note:
46
02P7149
CREE
LC503FPG1-15Q-A3-00001 LED Lamp; LED Color:Green; Luminous Intensity:34000mcd; Viewing Angle:15°; Forward Current:25mA; Forward Voltage:3.2V; Operating Temperature Range:-40°C to +95°C; Wavelength:527nm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 486
$0.495
$0.50 While Supplies LastProduct will no longer be available from Newark when current inventory is depleted. – Non-Cancelable/Non-Returnable
Line Note: Substitute Products Available RoHS Compliant
47
08R4599
VCC (VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY)
VAOL-5EUV8T4 Ultraviolet (UV) LED; Bulb Size:5mm; Forward Current:30mA; Output Power, Pout:120mW; Luminous Intensity:100mcd; Viewing Angle:15°; Wavelength, Typ:385nm ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 984
$0.709
$0.71 Line Note: Substitute Products Available
48
10N9403
ON SEMICONDUCTOR
ESD5Z3.3T1G Transient Voltage Suppression Diode; Reverse Stand-Off Voltage, VRWM:3.3V; Clamping Voltage Max, Vc:8.4V; Package/Case:2-SOD-523; Breakdown Voltage, Vbr:5V; Capacitance, Cd:105pF; Diode Type:Unidirectional TVS ;RoHS Compliant: Yes Yes 0
Lead Time 52 days
$0.071
$0.07 Line Note:
49
18M1756
VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR
BA682-GS18 Variable Capacitance Diode; Package/Case:MiniMELF; Forward Current:100mA; Leaded Process Compatible:Yes; Peak Reflow Compatible (260 C):Yes; Reverse Voltage, Vr:35V; Current Rating:100mA; Mounting Type:Surface Mount ;RoHS Compliant: Yes YesX 9676
$0.038
$0.04 89M5416
V-LED
9900-1201-13 LED Chip; LED Color:Red; Viewing Angle:130°; Forward Current:750mA; Forward Voltage:230V; Luminous Flux Typ:95lm; Operating Temperature Range:-40°C to +85°C; Wavelength:625nm 36
$4.36
$4.36 I know for fact that the passive component, the diode, produces a measurable DC voltage when left undisturbed inside metal shielding for a sufficient period of time. At the time of this writing, here is my recommendation –> The circuit is very simple. Leave the gain resistor pins (pins 1 and 16) open to provide a gain of one. Do not connect anything to the guard pins because your INA116PA will not be on a PCB. Rather your INA116PA will be held in the air by the wires soldered to the pins. An air op-amp offers the lowest possible input bias current. The DC input bias current produced by my INA116PA was measured at 2.2 fA (2.2E-15 amps). Pins 3 and connect are the input pins that you will connect to the diode. Get a quantity of two “4 AAA battery holders” for the INA116PA voltage source. For my next electrometer, I will be using just two “3 AAA battery holders,” which will provide even less bias current. Less bias current is an over kill, but the only reason I’m switching to just three batteries per polarity is to minimize the size so that I can place even more diodes in my new setup. In your case, you’ll probably be testing just one diode, so it’s best to get 4 AAA batteries per polarity since I do not know if the INA116PA will work well enough on 4.5 volts. The INA116PA datahsheet claims that 4.5 volts is fine. I’ll be using new Alkaline batteries, which are over 1.5 volts each, so it will be over 4.5 volts. Also, the INA116PA will most likely work well below 4.5 volts per polarity. I get the AAA battery holders at Radio Shack. So, connect the negative voltage from your batteries to pin 8, and the positive voltage to pin 13. Connect pin 9 (Ref. pin) directly to ground. Pin 11 is the output, which you can connect to a common voltage meter. Here’s a diagram –> 
The above electrometer input is left floating. I have tested the electrometer both ways, floating, and also with grounding resistors connected to a input wire. It works just perfectly fine on the diodes. You will only need to use the electrometer for a few minutes per testing period. If you’re testing multiple diodes, then it is recommended that you ground the input pins to ground in between each diode test. The electrometer and batteries are inside a metal shield. I use a large metal shield made by Hammond. I have conducted various tests with the batteries inside and outside the Hammond shield. It makes no difference. Twist the input wires and route then threw a small pin hole in the Hammond shield, which will go to the DMM (voltage meter). The DMM is outside the Hammond shield. The entire setup, including the DMM is then placed inside a second layer shield. You can use a large microwave oven. To turn on the DMM and electrometer, you can use either mercury tilt switches or simple mechanical contact switches. I have used waxed dental floss string to go through a pin hole in the microwave oven to the meter that will turn the switch on/off by slightly pulling the string. My new setup will use 1 Lbs. fishing line string instead. Also, I will be making my own contact switches this time, which are rather easy to make simply by placing a short thick copper wire (~ 10 to 18 gauge) that privets up and down, one end tied to the fishing line that goes through pin holes of both shields that is connected to a small weight. The weight will be enough to pull the copper wire up to make contact to another copper wire. When the weight list slightly lifted up and placed on a small ledge, the copper wire goes down and creates an open-circuit. This creates a very nice simple copper switch that will produce absolutely no measurable effects on the measurements. For the new setup, this time I will use the aforementioned simple contact switches instead of mercury tilt switches because the mercury tilt switches will be used for the electrometer input stage. There will be four mercury tilt switches. When the entire setup is slightly tilted *forward*, two of the mercury switches will be on. When the entire setup is slightly tilted *backwards*, two of the mercury switches will be on. While the setup is tilted forward, the electrometer will be connected to a diode in *forward polarity direction*. While the setup is tilted backwards, the electrometer will be connected to a diode in *reverse polarity direction*. IOW, this will allow me to reverse the diodes connection across the electrometers input. So if the measured DC voltage is say 350 mV while tilted forward, it should be -350 mV while titled backwards. Of course you have take into account the electrometers *output* voltage offset. Note that the electrometers output offset has nothing to do with a voltage offset on the electrometers input stage. So don’t forget to subtract the output offset. Or if you wish, you can add a second stage op-amp that does the offset for you, but such pretty stuff is completely unnecessary until the final stage when you demonstrate to a notable scientist. The next step consists of the diode. Presently I would recommend the 1N4148WS diode made by MULTICOMP. This is a 1N4148 diode that has a solid casing, not glass. The problem with glass casings is that you have to work inside a dark room since the light will shine on the diodes junction, and thus disturb the diode. I would recommend soldering 50 of such 1N4148WS diodes in-series. Unfortunately this will highly disturb the diodes– TED effect. Place the disturbed diode array inside the Hammond shield and solder/connect it to the electrometer input. Close the lid on both shields, and let it sit. Since there is no guarantee how disturbed the diode array will be, I would recommend letting it sit undisturbed for at least one month. Just to be on the safe side, do not place the setup near a wi-fi setup, although I have done extensive testing by placing my entire diode testing setup directly near a new high power wi-fi which clearly showed no change in the measured DC voltage. It is recommended that the diode array temperature not rapidly fluctuate, as this can disturb the diode state– TED effect. After a month or two, turn on the electrometer, let it be for a few minutes to stabilize, then tilt the entire setup to connect the electrometer to the diode, look through the microwave oven metal mesh grid to see the DMM reading, quickly write down the DC voltage, tilt the setup the other direction to reverse the mercury tilt switches, write down the DC voltage. There’s no need to subtract the electrometers offset, as the DC voltage is equal (Vp – Vn) / 2, where Vp is the voltage measured when tilted forward, and Vn is the voltage measured when tilted backwards. Then tilt the entire setup to neutral position to disconnect the diode array to the electrometer, and quickly turn off the DMM and electrometer. Take a measurement about once every two days.
Please contact me for further details and on-going advice. T. Boone Pickens will be on C2C AM 2009, June 28 –> http://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2009/06/28 It appears that external capacitance on the diode has an appreciable effect by slowly decreasing the produced DC voltage. The decay rate is rather slow, on the order of weeks to months. Initially that is difficult to explain, but here is one good explanation –> I just ran a Spice simulation on the internal noise across a small microscopic segment within the diode to see how external capacitance effects the net noise on the diode. To my surprise, external capacitance has an extremely small effect. Consider an LED that has only 1 Gohm resistance at near zero bias, Rz. We will analyze the noise across a small slice of that diode that is 1 Kohm, which would be 1 Kohm / 1 Gohm = 1 millionth of the diode. In this example, the diodes capacitance is 0.3 pF. When a 1.0 uF external capacitor is placed across the diode, the change in noise across the 1 Kohm slice is only 0.9999995 times less noise. The above simulation is analyzing the diode noise by taking a small *axial* slice of the diode. Next, I divided that small axial slice into small diode segments *width-wise*. This provides noise analysis on a small area of the diode. The change in noise across the individual segment was that much more less, which results in 0.9999999999998 times less noise. Next, is the final step. The noise analysis across a small segment of diode has been sliced axially and width-wise. Next, the final step is to segment the diode height-wise, which results in 0.9999999999999999999 times less noise. Such a small change in noise would definitely produce a slow self-starving effect. IOW, the addition of the 1.0uF capacitor decreases the noise on each small volume of semiconductor by 0.9999999999999999999 times. Due to the diode square law, the DC voltage output is relative to the noise. IOW, if the noise decreases by X percent, then the DC voltage produced by the diode decreases by X percent. The DC voltage then decreases by 0.9999999999999999999 times, which means there’s less reverse DC voltage across the junction, which decreases the depletion width at a linear rate, which means less Johnson noise. I was just looking at the V-I graph of Charles M. Brown’s 1T7 THz diode chip that shows Rz at only 2 Mohms. The 1T7 chip consists of 10000 diodes in direct parallel connection. According to my calculation, the properly loaded 1T7 chip would produce only 2e+6 ohms * 10 pA = 20 uV (0.02 mV) DC. What is very interesting is that Tom Schum showed the 1T7 chip at producing 15 uV, which is very close to the predicted 20 uV. Note this is not the predicted peak DC voltage that the diode can produce, but it is the predicted *loaded & stabilized* DC voltage. The loaded and stabilized DC voltage is taken from many observed measurements from various diodes. For example, the predicted DC voltage from my 40 in-series SMS7630 diode array is 5500 ohms * 10 pA * 40 = 2.2 uV DC. On countless measurements on this diode array the initial DC voltage was always a lot higher, anywhere from 5 uV to over 30 uV DC. Although, within ~ an hour of placing this diode array across a 47 uF low leakage capacitor bank over and over, the DC voltage slowly decreased until it stabilized at ~ 1.8 uV DC. According the research, the 1T7 chip could produce over a milli volt so long as it’s not loaded down for too long. I am not expected to much DC voltage from Charles M. Brown’s 1T7 diode array. If it’s significantly undisturbed, then I’m expecting to at least find a measurable DC voltage on the new electrometer, which now has a gain of one, thus making the lowest measurable DC voltage 0.1 mV. CMB’s chip will probably be a bit disturbed, but since it has low Rz, it will probably recover at a much faster rate than the LED’s.
Relatives arrived Sunday morning. There has not been much time to spend on the diode research since Saturday. The new diode testing setup will consist of a lot of unique individual *new* diodes. When complete, I will periodically measure the DC voltage produced by each diode. Each diode will be measured individually. A few days ago I purchased 1 lb. fishing line, which will be used instead of the waxed dental floss. The 1 lb. line is considerably thinner measured at 4.5 mils diameter. I’m still shopping for the new diodes that will be tested in the new setup. One of the diodes will probably be a new laser diode, possibly an OPTEK OPV380, 1.5mW, 850nm. Although Charles M. Brown’s THz diode is not new, I will still test it. The goal of the new setup is to find an exact testing setup, including diode part number, that a notable scientists could replicate with a high probability of success. This means I must repeat the entire process as the notable scientist would do. When complete, I will provide the notable scientist the exact part numbers of everything (diode, metal shields, electrometer, etc.) and where such parts were purchased. So, I will be purchasing a lot of new diodes from an online store such as Digikey.com. It’s still unknown how long it takes for high Rz diodes to recover, which is why some of the new tested diodes will not be LEDs and photodiodes. Here’s an outline of each step in achieving the goal –> - First I need to build the new testing setup– in progress.
- Buy a wide range of diodes– in progress.
- Place the diodes inside the new testing setup.
- Let the diodes rest inside the new setup.
- Begin measuring the DC voltage produced by the diodes on a periodic basis.
- Find the best diodes that recovers that fastest while producing an appreciable DC voltage. I don’t know how many top diodes I’ll pick, but it could be ~~ 4 diodes.
- Once the top diodes are known, I will then buy ~ a dozen of each to find the probability of success for each diode.
The end goal is to find a specific new diode that has a high probability of succeeding; i.e., quickly recovering, and producing an appreciable DC voltage. I’m always amazed how a high percentage of humans are so blind to helping other species. I’m unbelievably grateful for those few people that give so much to helping the animal kingdom and our environment!!! Today I added another text widget to the right side of the website titled, “World Chimpanzee population.” In 2004 the entire world Chimpanzee population was estimated to be 150,000, total! It is believed to be considerably less now in 2009! The present human population that is over 6,800,000,000 and increasing at an alarming rate! The post popular reality show in America is Jon & Kate Plus 8 for their family of eight children! It is saddening how people are rewarded for aiding to a destructive cause of severe over population. The human species is destroying this planet, plowing down natural environments like a plague, forcing countless species further and further into smaller areas to the point that animals such as coyotes, wolves, and bears are forced to enter into cities looking for food, in which case they are immediately viewed as a threat and shot with shot guns. Yet, it amazes me to no end how most people can out right lie to themselves by believing they are good people by sitting back doing *NOTHING* to help! Last night CMB’s mail package box that contains the THz diode chip was placed inside the large metal shield while I make the new setup. This should help is recover a bit, but the time will come when it will need to be highly disturbed by soldering it to the new setup. I’m thrilled over yesterdays analysis on my electrometer, which contains the INA116PA op-amp. I took accurate detailed measurements of the electrometers total input bias current, Ib. It produces only 2.2 fA (2.2E-15 amps). Measuring the bias current was a simple task. According to the INA116PA datahsheet, the typical input bias current for this op-amp is 3 fA. A far more difficult task was measuring the electrometer input resistance. The best measured I could get was ~~ 2E+15 ohms! The INA116PA datasheet used to provide the input resistance, which was 1E+15 ohms. For some reason they removed the input resistance spec from the datasheet. Maybe because it’s difficult to test or varies a bit. I thought I’d include these notes. Before dismantling the IR Photodiode setup, I turned on the lab fluorescent lights, something I normally don’t do. The DC current produced by the IR Photodiode did not change. I then removed all of the covering around the entire setup. No change in DC current. I then opened the outer metal shield door. As expected, there was no change in DC current. Charles M. Brown mailed me his THz diode array chip that is made by Virginia Diodes. It just arrived. The IR Photodiode setup will be completely dismantled today. Hopefully within 3 days the new diode setup will be complete. Todays IR Photodiode test might be the last for awhile. From Hawaii, Charles M. Brown mailed me a THz diode array chip to test, made by Virginia Diodes. It just arrived a few minutes ago. I have already dismantled part of the IR Photodiode setup, and hope to start building the new multi diode testing setup today. A lot of designs have passed over the table, but I’ll use the old faithful electrometer. Why mess with something that already works far better than it needs. The new setup will consist of some homemade *very* simple metal contacts. Each contact will be connected to a waxed dental floss string. Each contact will be two pieces of separated thin metal, probably Aluminum. A string will be connected to one of the metal foils. The waxed dental floss string will go through a thin hole in the inner shield, and also through the outer shield to the outside world. The outside end of the floss string will be tied to a small weight. For open-circuit, the weight will be on a little shelf so as not to pull on the floss string. To close the circuit, the small weight will be gently lowered to close the contacts. I’ve used this method before, and there’s probably nothing better, but it takes time to make the contacts. The new setup will house a lot of diode tests, simultaneously. Most of the diodes will be off the shelf diodes, including Charles THz diode chip. Radio Shack sells a lot of different diodes, mostly LEDs. I would like test as many of such LEDs as possible. Most of the tests will be new diodes. I’m expecting such new diodes to be highly disturbed. So we’ll see how long it takes to recover. Diodes with lower Rz such as the 1N914 will probably recover first. Also, I might include my green LED even though it’s most likely disturbed. Also a capacitor only test will be included. Also a battery will be included so as to calibrate the electrometer during every test. I just measured the IR Photodiode at producing 2.1 pA DC (0.52 pA resolution). So it appears to be slowly recovering since the 1.0 uF low leakage capacitor was removed immediately after the previous measurement, which was 1.0 pA. IR Photodiode has doubled in current. This might be the last measurement for the IR Photodiode for awhile. See my following blog post for the reasons. Radio Shack Present data indicates that diodes in direct parallel connection would produce less power than a single diode. Although, it is possible that *disturbed* diodes would improve with more diodes in either direct parallel or series connection. It is believed that the diode in the disturbed state has reached its minimum near zero bias resistance, and therefore diodes in parallel cannot add further disturbance to other diodes. Some of the diode experiments have shown, so far, that the disturbed diode reaches a low point where it still produces DC current and voltage. One area that still needs to be analyzed is diodes in direct parallel connection. It seems likely, according to present data, that diode arrays in parallel will work, but it is believed that the diodes will remain in a disturbed or partially disturbed state. If true, then it is possible for a diode array to produce a continues DC current well above 10 pA. I’m working on a new setup that will allow me to conduct a lot of different diode experiments simultaneously. It will probably use numerous DPDT switches that will narrow it down to half, which will in turn narrow it down by half. Similar to a binary system. So if I have 3 strings, that will allow for a total of 2^3 = 8 unique diode experiments. Also, it will use the Mercury title switches for the front stage, and for the electrometers battery lead. To name a few of the planned diode tests: - A THz diode chip made by Virginia Diodes that will arrive in a week or so. Although the owner believes the chip is damaged.
- A 1N914A diode array.
- A single IR LED from radio shack.
- My on going IR photodiode. It will have to be disturbed to include it in this group experiment.
- The famous Green LED that charged a low leakage capacitor to 0.353 volts in 10 hours.
- Eventually, an LED array in direct parallel connection.
Edit: Note, this design is now out of date, and has been replaced with New diode testing design. One nice diode testing methods uses mechanical tilt switches (do not use Mercury switches, as their resistance is too low), that offers no measurable effect on the diode and the measured DC voltage. Such switches are $1.89 each. Here is a schematic of such a setup –> 
I would recommend using 1.0uF low leakage capacitor. The process begins by slightly tilting the enter setup (that includes all of the metal shields). This will connect the diode with the low leakage capacitor. Then allow the diode sufficient time to charge the capacitor. About 10 hours for a 1.0 uF capacitor. After 10 hours of charging time, slightly tilt the entire setup again so as to turn on the electrometer which connects the battery to the electrometer. Give the electrometer some time to settle down, about 10 minutes is fine. In ten minutes, slightly tilt the entire setup a little more to connect the electrometer input to the low leakage capacitor & diode. Of course, before doing the above, you must have the electrometer adjusted. Do this by replacing the above diode with ~ 0.15 voltage source. You can use a 1.5 volt battery connected to two resistors in series, 10 Kohm and 1 Kohm. Connect the low leakage capacitor across the 1Kohm resistor. That will charge the capacitor to ~ 0.15 volts. Do repeated cold starts by turning on the electrometer (when its at room temperature), and do the above test except by replacing the diode with the battery voltage source. Adjust the electrometer so that it shows the correct voltage. Repeat numerous times until you get consistent repeatable results. Then replace the 1 Kohm resistor with a 100 ohm resistor, and repeat the calibration tests again just to be on the safe side. You should get consistent 0.015 volt measurements. Then remove the battery voltage source and put in the diode. I would recommend the Ina116P (pdf file) op-amp, not theIna116PA. The Ina116P should be held in the air by its wires so as to minimum the input bias current.
Recently several people have asked how the TED effect could be such a slow effect. More data is needed to understand and explain the TED effect, but I believe the TED effect is caused by two main effects –> - An effect similar to and related to Flicker noise. Flicker noise is also known as 1/f noise due to its 1/f spectrum. The longer you analyze the noise, the larger it gets. Conventional physics explains flicker noise as the slow process of charges becoming trapped. Here’s a real example of a single diode that is connected to nothing. As the charged carriers become trapped, the resistance of the semiconductor component increases. As the resistance increases, so does the Johnson noise. As the Johnson noise increases, so does the DC voltage. As the DC voltage increases, more charges flow across the junction due to the fact that all components have parallel capacitance. The build up of charges across the diodes parallel capacitance increases the DC voltage across the diode, which is a reverse voltage. An increase in reverse voltage increase the diodes resistance, which in turn causes more Johnson noise. This is a self feed effect, which has been clearly seen in countless diode measurements in that the DC voltage produced by an unloaded diode slowly increases over time. This entire effect is explained by flicker noise, which is a slow process.
- Thermodynamic effects.
Often someone will ask, if diodes produce a DC voltage, then why doesn’t modern science know of this. Three main reasons: 1. The newly discovered TED effect makes it almost impossible to detect the DC current and voltage produced by passive diode. Nearly two years of extensive diode measurements has consistently shown that the *slightest* disturbance to the diode almost completely eliminates the DC voltage produced by the diode. The is referred to as the TED effect. 2. The DC voltage produced by diodes requires a special setup. Experiments are showing the produced DC voltage is relative to the diodes near zero bias resistance, Rz. For example, LEDs have ultra high Rz, and thus produce high DC voltages, but such ultra high Rz (in the Giga to Tera ohm region) requires either special equipment or a charging capacitor. Since the diodes produce low current, one must wait a relatively long period of time for the *undisturbed* LED to charge the low leakage capacitor. On the other end of the spectrum, ZBDs (zero bias diodes) have low resistance, but produce ultra low DC voltages per diode in the nano volt region. One can solve this problem by placing tens of thousands of ZBDs in-series to achieve a few millivolts, but then we have the problem of measuring the DC voltage on an ultra high resistance DUT. 3. A simple unshielded diode (e.g., 1N914A) connected to a volt meter can easily produce well over 10 millivolts by rectifying RF noise such as radio stations and wi-fi routers. For this reason, an Electrical Engineer detecting a DC voltage from a diode would immediately dismiss the DC voltage as such from an unknown external noise source. Conclusion:
My two years experience in measuring the DC voltage produce by diodes has shown that it requires a special setup and an unusual amount of patience. As expected, it appears new diodes come disturbed. Present data suggests that the amount of time required to undisturbed a diode (TED effect) is relative (not necessarily linear) to Rz. This would make LEDs require more time to recover than ZBDs. The only new diodes I’ve seen recover are the SMS7630, which are ZBDs. My SMS7630 diodes sat undisturbed for several months, followed by soldering them together, followed by sitting inside the metal shield for another two to three weeks. Then and only then did they produce their DC voltage, as it gradually increased. On the other hand, my old white LEDs that were producing a DC voltage still after two months have not recovered after lighting such LEDs. In order for a scientist to discover the DC voltage produced by passive diodes, he or she would most likely have to use uncommon ultra low Rz ZBD’s diodes (a modern technological achievement), construct a large diode array *in-series*, allow such diodes to rest several weeks inside a metal shield, and use special low bias equipment capable of detecting down to a micro volt. Unfortunately, *every* scientist I’m aware of would never consider a few microvolts produced by such a large diode array as worth investigating. Such a claim violates conventional physics, thus severely jeopardizing the scientists career and reputation. Such a claim is too easily explained by a lot of reasons such as external noise interference. The only reason I succeed is due to my unusually stubborn and perseverance nature, and from my years of prior Spice simulations, which clearly showed that diodes must rectify Johnson noise I keep forgetting to post this. I decided to let the IR Photodiode rest a bit longer. Yesterday I measured the IR Photodiode as producing 2.1 pA. This is the same as the last measurement. So it appears that the IR Photodiode has reached its bottom level. We’re now getting into low current here relative to the electrometers resolution of ~ 0.52 pA, so I decided to do a quick calibration on the electrometer since it’s been a long time since previous calibration. If was only off by a tad over 1 pA. So the corrected DC current is 1.0 pA. Also, last night I decided to remove the 1.0 uF low leakage capacitor. The IR Photodiode is still connected to a load. This commences the start of a new experiment, which is to see if the disturbed diode will slowly recover with a load without the appreciably large external capacitor. Preface: The following method is strict, but it is by no means required. It is a simple method, but requires tilt switches. Do not use a mercury tilt switch, as the resistance is to low. There are a lot of methods that require common parts, but you need to know what you’re doing. If you’re not an experience EE, and you want to avoid the hassle of debugging your measuring method, then consider the following method. Measuring millivolts on a 1.0uF capacitor is extremely easy *if* you know what you’re doing. If you do not want to buy tilt switches, for instance, then that’s fine, but please contact me so that I can give you ongoing advice. Otherwise, unless you are as persistent as I am, you will obtain inconclusive results. I would invite people to perform diode experiments. I would only ask that you follow my *ongoing* advice. It is extremely easy to measure the charge on a 1.0uF capacitor! Your main obstacle will be in getting the diodes to become undisturbed!! Here’s an outline of the procedure in my blog site. From time to time it’s updated, but I’ll post an update notice in the blog. http://globalfreeenergy.info/2009/05/13/replication-warning/ Testing LEDs is a new part of the research. Please note that all of my LED tests were on old LEDs. It is reasonable to believe all new LEDs are lighted up at the factory to determine if they are functional. An example to demonstrate how easily disturbed LEDs are, I had white LEDs in a metal shield that were producing a DC voltage. Albeit low, but over 0.1mV. I then light up the white LEDs. After that, the white LEDs were producing less than 0.1mV. After that the white LEDs were placed in thick metal shield. After several months later, the white LEDs are still producing less than 0.1mV. The only *new* diodes I’ve tested were the SMS7630, but even they were sitting in the lab for several months before being soldered together. After that, the soldered SMS7630 arrays were sitting inside a metal shield for at least three weeks. I do *NOT* recommend using SMS7630 diodes because according to the recent discovery the produced DC voltage (and power) has been relative to the diodes near zero bias resistance, Rz. Presently, I recommend IR (infrared) photodiodes and LEDs. IR photodiodes/LEDs tend to have lower Rz than visible spectrum photodiodes/LEDs, so the DC voltage they produce is less than a typical visible spectrum LED, but present data suggests that the rate at which diodes recover is relative to the reciprocal of Rz. The exact recover rate equation is unknown, but it appears to be non-linear. Therefore, it is believed that IR photodiodes/LEDs will produce less DC voltage than visible spectrum LEDs, but they should recover at a faster rate. The only new LED experiments so far have been performed by one person. Unfortunately, this person completely ignored my recommendations time after time. This person has/had four LED experiments going on at once. The good news is that this person saw *all four* of his separate LEDs simultaneously charge their capacitors at a rate of ~ 1mV per day. The 1mV is very low compared to the record, which is 353mV (0.353 volts). This person still needs to improve his measuring technique. For example, out of numerous measurements there was one incident where one of his capacitor-only tests slightly charged the capacitor. This makes his error rate relatively low, which adds some credibility of all four of his LED’s charging the capacitor, but there’s no reason for such accidents to occur. So it appears that it’s possible to get new LEDs to produce, but it appears *new* diodes are disturbed. Disturbed diodes still produce DC current/voltage, but at a much lower level. Please contact me if you’re interested. Together we can determine the best diode for your tests, and I’ll provide ongoing advice so that you can obtain an undisturbed diode. One thing I know for certain, highly shielded undisturbed diodes produce DC current across a load, and such diodes can produce at least 0.35 volts and 23pA. If you have the perseverance, then I can help you obtain your proof by witnessing a diode charge a low leakage 1.0uF capacitor to well over 0.1 volt in a highly shielded setup. |
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