There was a time when classical physics ruled the headlines, but starting in the early 1900's experiment after experiment began to hit the headlines that classical physics could not explain.
Classical physics fails in quantization of certain physical quantities, wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, and quantum entanglement.
It took a long time for the majority of scientists to switch over. The old timers, classical physicists, fought hard, claiming that classical physics could explain it all. An interesting quote, "he was perhaps the last respectable member of the anti-quantum crowd, and passed away in 1937 still trying to develop a purely classical theory of the atom."
Classical physics has failed at just about everything related from low temperature experiments to photoelectric effects. Classical physics got it wrong for even blackbody radiation. Quote, "Classical physics failed to explain black body radiation." -->
http://www.answers.com/topic/modern-physics
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